EVALUATION OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE SWAT MODEL FOR COASTAL WATERSHEDS IN SOUTHEASTERN LOUISIANA1

ABSTRACT: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been used for hydrologic analyses at various watershed scales. However, little is known about the model's performance in coastal watersheds. In this study SWAT was evaluated for its applicability in three Louisiana coastal watersheds: the Amite, Tickfaw, and Tangipahoa River watersheds. The model was calibrated with daily discharge from 1976 to 1977 and validated from 1979 to 1999 for the Amite and Tangipahoa and with daily discharge from 1979 to 1989 for the Tickfaw. Deviation of mean discharge and the Nash‐Sutcliffe model efficiency were used to evaluate model behavior. The study found that Manning's roughness coefficient for the main channel, SCS curve number, and soil evaporation compensation factor were the most sensitive parameters for these coastal watersheds. The Manning's roughness coefficient showed the greatest effect on the response time of surface runoff, suggesting the critical role of channel routing in hydrologic modeling for lowland watersheds. The SWAT model demonstrated an excellent performance, with Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies of 0.935, 0.940, and 0.960 for calibrations of the Amite, Tickfaw, and Tangipahoa watersheds, respectively, and of 0.851, 0.811, and 0.867 for validations. The modeling results demonstrate that SWAT is capable of simulating hydrologic processes for medium scale to large scale coastal lowland watersheds in Louisiana.     

牛顿法计算Sarma法边坡安全系数

根据Sarm a法的基本假定即条块侧面与底面抗剪强度按同一比例调用,将斜条块侧面的推力分解为分别与摩擦力和凝聚力有关的2个分量,由条块力的平衡条件,推导出更为简洁的隐含安全系数的条块推力递推方程。为了加速收敛,采用牛顿法迭代法计算安全系数,并推导出计算中所需有关导数的解析表达式。同时,利用所得推力递推方程重新推导出了临界地震加速度系数Kc的显式表达式,该式与原始的Sarm a法等效,但形式上更为简明且便于应用。算例表明,本文的改进的Sarm a法算法收敛迅速,迭代3~5步即可达到工程所需精度,计算结果与经典算例Sarm a法解答及塑性力学理论解均非常接近。     

SELECTED METHODS OF AQUIFER TEST ANALYSIS1

Changes in groundwater levels due to a well discharging at a constant rate are used with various formulas to determine hydraulic properties of aquifers and their confining bed and to detect the presence of aquifer boundaries. These formulas are generally solved by graphical methods.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings(Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously iuence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously iuence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

三种田间杂草的镉、铅富集特征研究

选择了三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）、青蒿（Herba Artemisiae Annuae）、飞蓬（Erigeron acer）3种田间杂草进行盆栽试验,其间用不同浓度的镉、铅溶液处理,最后测定杂草根系及地上部镉、铅量。结果表明：3种田间杂草无论是根系,还是地上部,镉、铅量都随处理液浓度增高而增高;3种杂草对镉的富集系数排序为：三叶鬼针草〉飞蓬〉青蒿;转移系数排序为：三叶鬼针草〉青蒿〉飞蓬;对铅的富集系数排序为：飞蓬〉青蒿〉三叶鬼针草;转移系数排序为：飞蓬〉青蒿〉三叶鬼针草。研究还表明,3种杂草对于镉的富集系数和转移系数都远大于对铅的富集系数和转移系数,三叶鬼针草是镉的超富集田间杂草。     

含氟取代苯类化合物lgK_(ow)和-lg1/EC_(50)的QSPR研究

采用Gaussian 98程序,在B3LYP/6-311G**和HF/6-311G**2种水平上全优化计算了24个含氟取代苯化合物的分子结构,基于得到的分子结构描述符,分别建立了用于预测含氟取代苯化合物正辛醇/水分配系数(lgKow)和毒性(-lg1/EC5)0的模型,预测lgKow的模型包含3个变量(偶极矩(μ),总能量(TE)和热能修正值(Et)h),预测-lgl/EC50的模型包含2个变量(分子中原子最负的电荷(q-)和零点振动能(ZPE))。用交叉验证法对模型的稳定性进行了验证(q分别为0.8480和0.9154),并用t-检验和变异膨胀因子(VIF)对2个模型中各变量的显著性和自相关性进行了检验。预测-lg1/EC50的模型的预测能力优于溶剂化能参数得出的模型。     

太湖水体漫衰减系数特征及其对水生态环境影响分析

利用2006年10～11月太湖全湖不同区域光学属性的测量数据,就太湖水体漫衰减系数(K_d)特征、各影响因子对K_d的贡献率以及K_d对太湖水生态系统的影响进行分析.结果表明,太湖水体的漫衰减系数K_d以571 nm为分界点,在整个可见光波长范围内(400～700 nm)主要呈现2种变化趋势.第1种,在<571 nm波长范围内,K_d随着波长的增加呈现指数形式衰减,第2种,在>571 nm波长范围内,K_d表现为波动形式;在400～700 nm波长范围内,色素颗粒物的吸收系数是漫衰减系数第一贡献者,非色素颗粒物吸收系数和散射系数处于第二贡献者地位,而黄质吸收系数的贡献率相对最小;太湖水体漫衰减系数决定了太湖水生态系统中的光生态因子,K_d形成的“水体窗口”影响了太湖水域不同类型生态系统的形成,并为太湖“水华”的优势藻类铜绿微囊藻的出现提供了水下光场依据.     

环境监测结果不确定度评定中灵敏系数的求解

本文介绍了重量法、容量滴定法、工作曲线法、气量法以及仪器直读式等方法,测定环境参数时,对其监测结果进行不确定度评定中,为计算标准不确定度所需的灵敏系数的求算公式.     

Laboratory simulation of SO_2 heterogeneous reactions on hematite surface under different SO_2 concentrations

The variations of sulfate formation and optical coefficients during SO2 heterogeneous reactions on hematite surface under different SO2 concentrations were examined using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and ion chromatograph (IC). Laboratory experiments revealed that within ambient SO2 of 0.51–18.6 ppmv, sulfate product, producing velocity, absorption and backward scattering coefficients showed an increasing trend with SO2 concentration. Under given SO2 concentra...     

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.